Let's add style to our current liabilities, contingencies, and long term liabilities!

Let's look at an illustration on Interest-bearing notes!

(Interest-Bearing-Note)

On March 1, 2011, Victorias secret agrees to lend $100,000 to Annie Gardner Co. if she signs a $100,000, 6 percent, four-month note. Annie Gardner Co. records the cash received on March 1 as follows:

  Cash                                     100,000

       Notes Payable                                      100,000   

(record at present value of future cash flow)            

If Annie Gardner Co. prepares financial statements semiannually, it makes the following adjusting entry to recognize interest expense and interest payable at June 30: 

Interest calculation = ($100,000 x 6% x 4/12) = $2,000

(4/12: remember it was a four month note, so you divide that by 12 months)

 Interest Expense                    2,000

      Interest Payable                                      2,000          

At maturity (July 1), Annie Gardner Co. records payment of the note and accrued interest as follows:

  Notes Payable                      100,000

  Interest Payable                     2,000

           Cash                                                     102,000 

(These entries are to close the open notes payable and interest payable accounts and to send Victorias secret final payment in full for the note.)

 Now let's look at an illustration on Zero-interest-bearing notes....

(Zero-Interest-Bearing-Note)

On March 1, Annie Gardner Co. issues (borrows) a $102,000, four month, zero-interest-bearing note to First Tennessee Bank. The present value of the note is $100,000. Annie Gardner Co. records this transaction as follows:

Cash                                               100,000

Discount on notes payable        2,000

          Notes Payable                                   102,000*

*This is the amount she will pay First Tenn. back at the maturity date

**The reason Annie has a $2,000 discount on notes payable account is because she hasn't used the money, so she cannot record it as usual interest expense. So - zero interest bearing notes do have interest, it is just hidden in the amount borrowed. This is why the contra liability discount on notes payable account is used. Because it is "zero-interest-bearing."

The discount on Notes Payable account is a contra account to Notes Payable.

Over the life of the note Annie borrowed, she will charge the discount on notes payable to interest expense. Why? Because she's had use of the money.

This entry would be as follows:

 Interest Expense      2,000

       Discount on notes payable      2,000

**A quick review of the Gross and Net Method from chapter 8 can be found in the Picture Gallery Tab

Let's try another exercise similar to what we have already learned!

The following are selected 2011 transactions of Elle Fashion Corporation.

Sept. 1  Purchased inventory from Dolce & Gabanna Company on account for $50,000. Elle Fashion Corp. records purchases gross and uses a periodic inventory system.

Oct. 1   Issued a $50,000, 12-month, 8% note to Dolce & Gabanna Company in payment of account.

Oct. 1   Borrowed $75,000 from First Tennessee Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $81,000 note.

Instructions: 

a) Prepare journal entries for the selected transactions above.

b) Prepare adjusting entries at December 31.

c) Compute the total net liability to be reported on the December 31 Balance sheet for:

1. the interest-bearing note.
2. the zero-interest-bearing note.

a) Journal entries:

Sept 1.   Purchases                            50,000

                   Accounts payable                                 50,000

Oct. 1.    Accounts payable               50,000

                     Notes payable                                      50,000

Oct. 1.   Cash                                         75,000

              Disc. on notes payable        6,000*

                      Notes payable                                      81,000

*This represents 1 year of interest.

b) Adjusting entries: (remember, adjusting entries involve 1 balance sheet account, and 1 income statement account)

For the interest-bearing-note:

We have had use of the money for 3 months (Oct.1-Dec.31) - so we need to generate interest expense for it.

($50,000 x 8% x 3/12) = $1,000

Dec. 31    Interest expense                1,000

                       Interest payable                               1,000

For the zero-interest-bearing note:

$6,000 x 3/12 = $1,500 - Interest expense (remember, we are trying to drive the 6,000 discount to zero over the life of the note.)

Dec. 31  Interest expense                        1,500

                   Discount on notes payable                 1,500

c) Compute total net liability to be reported on the Dec. 31 B/S:

1) For the interest-bearing-note - 

   Notes payable     50,000

    Interest payable    1,000

 Total net liability = $51,000

2) For the zero-interest-bearing note -

   Notes payable                             81,000

   Less: Disc. on notes payable    4,500

 Total net liability                           $76,500

*A Financial Calculator is provided below - or you can use the Tables located in the PV/FV Tables Tab. Remember, You can't use a Financial Calculator on the CPA exam - So it is best to learn to use the tables now!*

Now that you've got the hang of accounting for interest-bearing and zero-interest-bearing notes, Let's look at a few rules!

Current Maturies of Long-Term Debt

It is possible that a "long-term" obligation maturing currently may be classified as current IF they are to be: 

1.)  Retired by assets accumulated that have not been shown as current assets.

              example - bonds payable, bond sinking fund.

2.)  Refinanced, or retired from the proceeds of a new debt issue, or-  

 (issue more bonds- use proceeds to pay debt. Basically like swapping liabilities.)

3.)  Converted into capital stock.

Short-Term Obligations Expected to Be Refinanced:

It is possible that a "current" obligation may be classified as long-term IF the following conditions are met:

 1.)  Must intend to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis.

 2.)  Must demonstrate an ability to refinance:

• Actual refinancing
• Enter into a financing agreement - (noncancellable agreement)

Now let's try an exercise on Refinancing Short-Term Debt!

On December 31, 2010, Victorias secret had $1,200,000 of short-term debt in the form of notes payable due February 2, 2011. On January 21, 2011, the company issued 25,000 shares of it's common stock for $36 per share, receiving $900,000 proceeds from the stock sale, supplemented by an additional $300,000 cash, are used to liquidate the $1,200,000 debt. The December 31, 2010, balance sheet is issued on February 23, 2011.

Instructions: Show how the $1,200,000 of short-term debt should be presented on the December 31, 2010, balance sheet, include note disclosure.

The short-term debt should be present on the balance sheet as:

A current liability:

Notes payable (note 1) $300,000

Long-term liability:

Notes payable from refinancing (note 1) $900,000

*Footnote- note 1: saying reference to...*

Let's try one more!

On December 31, 2010, Natural Health Spa has $7,000,000 of short-term debt in the form of notes payable to First Tennessee Bank due in 2011. On January 28, 2011, Natural Health Spa enters into a refinancing agreement with First Tennessee Bank that will permit it to borrow up to 60% of the gross amount of its accounts receivable. Receivables are expected to range between a low of $5,000,000 in May to a high of $8,000,000 in October during the year 2011. The interest cost of the maturing short-term debt is 15%, and new agreement calls for a fluctuating interest rate at 1% above the prime rate on notes due in 2015. Natural Health Spa's December 31, 2010, balance sheet is issued on February 15, 2011.

Instructions: Prepare a partial balance sheet for Natural Health Spa at December 31, 2010, showing how its $7,000,000 of short-term debt should be presented, including footnote disclosure.

Current Liability:

Notes payable $4,000,000**

Long-term Liability:

Notes payable from refinancing $3,000,000*

*($5,000,000 x 60%) = 3,000,000

**[$7,000,000 – ($5,000,000 X 60%)]

Because we must be conservative and classify the lower amount.

Dividends Payable - Amount owed by a corporation to its stockholders as a result of board of directors' authorization.

• Generally paid within three months
• Undeclared dividends on cumulative preferred stock not recognized as a liability. (Because nothing says that they have to pay)
• Dividends payable in form of shares of stock are not recognized as a liability. Reported in equity.
*becomes a liability on the date of declaration.

• May be classified as current or long-term.

Example: When you give comcast a $100 deposit - this is not revenue for them, It's a liability.

Unearned Revenues - a payment is received before delivering goods or rendering services. 

Example: Purchasing plane tickets online. There is a time frame between payment and the provided service.

So now that you know everything, Let's try an exercise!

Vogue Magazine sold 12,000 annual subscriptions on August 1, 2011, for $18 each. Prepare Vogue's August 1, 2011, journal entry and the December 31, 2011, annual adjusting entry.

August 1.   Cash                                 216,000

                     Unearned revenue*                        216,000

(12,000 x $18) = $216,000

*We have received $216,000 in cash - We use the Unearned revenue account because we haven't provided the services/magazines yet.

Dec. 31   Unearned revenue              90,000

                        Subscription revenue                       90,000

($216,000 x 5/12 = $90,000) [Notice 5 months have passed from August 1 - Dec. 31]

Great! Now you know how Vogue accounts for their subscription revenue!         

Next - Let's learn how retailers like Forever 21 account for the sales tax their customers pay!

Sales Taxes Payable - Retailers must collect sales taxes from customers on transfers of tangible personal property and on certain services and then remit to the proper governmental authority.

Forever 21 made credit sales of $30,000 which are subject to 6% sales tax. The corporation also made cash sales which totaled $20,670 including the 6% sales tax. (a) prepare the entry to record Forever 21s' credit sales. (b) Prepare the entry to record Forever 21s' cash sales.

  Accounts receivable             31,800

           Sales                                                      30,000

           Sales tax payable                                1,800

($30,000 x 6% = $1,800)

  Cash                                          20,670

           Sales                                                      19,500

           Sales tax payable                                1,170

($20,670 / 1.06 = $19,500)

The tax rate is 1.06 because we add 1 plus the tax rate of 6%.

Next - let's look at an Illustration! 

Assume a weekly payroll of $10,000 entirely subject to F.I.C.A. and Medicare (7.65%), federal (0.8%) and state (4%) unemployment taxes, with income tax withholding of $1,320 and union dues of $88 deducted. The Fashion company records the salaries and wages paid and the employee payroll deductions as follows:  

Journal entry to record salaries and wages paid:

Salaries and wages expense      10,000

        Witholding taxes payable                             1,320

        F.I.C.A Taxes payable                                  765

        Union dues payable                                       88

        Cash                                                                7,827

Journal entry to record employee payroll taxes:

Payroll tax expense                      1,245

     F.I.C.A. taxes payable                                        765

     Federal unemployment tax payable                  80

     State unemployment tax payable                      400

The payroll of American Eagle for September 2010 is as follows.

Total payroll was $480,000, of which $140,000 is exempt from Social Security tax because it represented amounts paid in excess of $102,000 to certain employees. The amount paid to employees in excess of $7,000 was $410,000. Income taxes in the amount of $80,000 were withheld, as was $9,000 in union dues. The state unemployment tax is 3.5%, but American Eagle is allowed a credit of 2.3% by the state for its unemployment experience. Also, assume that the current F.I.C.A. tax is 7.65% on an employee's wages to $102,000 and 1.45% in excess of $102,000. No employee for American Eagle makes more than $125,000. The federal unemployment tax rate is 0.8% after state credit.

Instructions: Prepare the necessary journal entries if the wages and salaries paid and the employer payroll taxes are recorded separately.

[Employee side]

Wages and salaries             480,000

     Withholding tax payable                     80,000

     Union dues payable                            9,000

     F.I.C.A. tax payable                            28,080*

     Cash                                                    362,960  

(we credit cash for the difference to go to the employees)

*Employers match F.I.C.A. - to calculate this total: 

$140,000 was exempt and only taxed at the Medicare rate of 1.45%140,000 x 1.45% = 2,030

(480,000 - 140,000) x 7.65% = 26,010

2,030 + 26,010 = 28,080*

[Employer side]

Payroll tax expense                 34,520

                F.I.C.A. tax payable                                    28,080

                Federal unemployment tax payable           5,600*

                state unemployment tax payable                840*

Unemployment tax calculations:

$480,000 - $410,000 = $70,000 subject to unemployment tax

There are two we need to calculate - Federal & State.

Federal: 70,000 x 8% = 5,600

State: 70,000 x 1.2%* = 840

Difference between 8% and 1.45% = 1.2%*

Next - Let's learn about payroll! 

Compensated Absences: paid absences for vacation, illness, and holidays.

   Accrue a liability IF all the following exist:

• The employer's obligation is attributable to emplyees' services already rendered.
• The obligation relates to the rights that vest or accumulate.*
• Payment of the compensation is probable.
• The amount can be reasonably estimated.

*vest- point in time when you met your point of service. example: paid absence-vacation.

*accumulate- vacation time built up.

Bonus Agreements: results in payments to certain or all employees in addition to their regular salaries or wages. 

• Bonuses paid are an operating expense. (same as normal salaries and wages)
• Unpaid bonuses should be reported as a current liability.

Next topic: Contingencies

Contingencies: An existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss (loss contingency) to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur.  

[In other words, it is something from an uncertain outcome - such as a lawsuit.]

Gain contingencies: generally not recorded.

This is the conservative treatment. Disclose only if the probability of receipt is high.  

Typical types of Gain contingencies:

1. Possible receipts of monies from gifts, donations, and bonuses.
2. Possible refunds from the government in tax disputes.
3. Pending court cases with a probable favorable outcome.
4. Tax loss carryforwards.

Loss Contingencies: The liklihood that the future event will confirm the incurrence of a liability can range from probable to remote.

Common loss contingencies:

• Litigation, claims, and assessments.
• Guarantee and warranty costs.
• Premiums and coupons.
• Environmental liabilities.

Now let's try an exercise!

Suppose Charlotte Russe is involved in a lawsuit at December 31, 2011. (a) Prepare the December 31 entry assuming it is probable that Charlotte Russe will be liable for $900,000 as a result of this suit. (b) Prepare the December 31 entry, if any, assuming it is not probable that Charlotte Russe will be liable for any payment as a result of this suit.

 (a)  Lawsuit loss             900,000

          Lawsuit liability               900,000

(b) No entry is necessary. The loss is not accrued because it is not probable that a liability has been incurred at 12/31/11.

Guarantee and Warranty Costs: Promise made by a seller to a buyer to make good on a deficiency of quantity, quality, or performance of a product. 

• If it is probable that customers will make warranty claims and a company can reasonable estimate the costs involved, the company must record an expense.  

There are two basic methods of accounting for warranty costs:

Cash-basis method

Expense warranty costs as incurred, because

1.) it is not probable that a liability has been incurred, or

       2.) it cannot reasonably estimate the amount of liability.

Accrual-basis method

• Charge warranty costs to operating expense in the year of the sale.
• Method is the generally accepted method.
• Referred to as the expense warranty approach.

Let's try an exercise!

Farouk Systems Inc., the manufacturer of CHI hair styling products, provides a 2-year warranty with one of its products which was first sold in 2010. In that year, Farouk spent $70,000 servicing warranty claims. At year-end, Farouk estimates that an additional $400,000 will be spent in the future to service warranty claims related to 2010 sales. Prepare Farouk's journal entry to record $70,000 expenditure, and the December 31 adjusting entry.

2010    Warranty expense     70,000

                  Cash                                  70,000

12/31/10   Warranty expense    400,000 

                      Warranty Liability         400,000

Let's try one more exercise on Warranties!

Tanning Resources Co. sold 150 Royal sun express tanning beds in 2010 for $4,000 apiece, together with a one-year warranty. Maintenance on each tanning bed during the warranty period averages $300.

Instructions:

(a)  Prepare entries to record the sale of the tanning beds and the related warranty costs, assuming that the accrual method is used. Actual warranty costs incurred in 2010 were $17,000.

(b)  On the basis of the data above, prepare teh appropriate entries, assuming that the cash-basis method is used.

Costs that happened during 2010 -

(a)      Cash                                                   140,000

                  Sales Revenue                                               140,000     

          Warranty expense                               17,000

                   Cash Inventory/accrual payroll                     17,000

 Now calculate the warranty expense: (adjusting journal entry)

150 x 300 = 45,000

45,000 - 17,000 = 28,000

            Warranty expense                             28,000

                   Liability for warranty                                   28,000

(b)  No adjusting entry would be made using cash basis accounting.

Warranties aren't so bad! Next - Let's learn about Premiums and Coupons!

Premiums and Coupons: Companies should charge the costs of premiums and coupons to expense in the period of the sale that benefits  from the plan.

• So we must accrue, estimate how many will be redeemed, and expense them.

Company charges costs of premium offers to Premium expense, and credits estimated liability for Premiums.